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1.
J. bras. econ. saúde (Impr.) ; 14(Suplemento 1)Fevereiro/2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, ECOS | ID: biblio-1363076

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Identificar se as aquisições de medicamentos realizadas pelos Consórcios de Saúde foram mais eficientes, em termos econômicos, que as compras realizadas individualmente pelas Instituições Municipais, para os anos de 2017 e 2018. Métodos: Análise descritiva da amostra, empregando as medidas de tendência central, análise econômica e cálculo do percentual econômico. Resultados: Os valores obtidos mostraram eficiência nas compras dos consórcios, refletidos na maior quantidade adquirida e no menor preço praticado, para a maioria dos itens analisados no período de referência. Conclusão: As compras pelos Consórcios de Saúde proporcionaram mais economia em comparação com as compras realizadas pelas Instituições Municipais, mostrando-se como uma opção para obter economicidade dos recursos destinados à saúde.


Objective: To identify whether the drug purchases made by the Health Consortia were more efficient, in economic terms, than the purchases made individually by the Municipal Institutions, for the years 2017 and 2018. Methods: Descriptive analysis of the sample, using the trend measures central, economic analysis and calculation of the economic percentage. Results: The values obtained showed efficiency in consortium purchases, reflected in the greater quantity acquired and the lower price practiced, for most of the items analyzed in the reference period. Conclusion: Purchases by Health Consortia provided more savings compared to purchases made by Municipal Institutions, proving to be an option to obtain economic resources for health.


Subject(s)
Drug Price , Unified Health System , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Health Price Bank
2.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 45: e57, 2021. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1251987

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT Objective. To examine multiple aspects of the medicines in CARICOM procurement markets, including manufacturer headquarters location, regulatory history, and type (innovator versus generic); the proportion of World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicines; and the most expensive medicines procured. Methods. An analysis of procurement information from selected CARICOM procurers. Four public sector procurement lists were obtained based on public availability or sharing of data from public sector procurers. Analyses were based on parameters available or deduced from these data. Results. The majority of products come from manufacturers headquartered in North America and Europe (63%-67%). The percentage of medicines procured from generic companies is 60%-87%; and 25%-50% of medicines procured are on the WHO Essential Medicines List. Wide price variations exist in the most expensive medicines purchased. Conclusions. The analysis identifies vulnerabilities and opportunities in the procurement situation of CARICOM states, particularly related to quality and rational use of medicines. This analysis represents a baseline that governments and other stakeholders can use in the future.


RESUMEN Objetivo. Revisar los múltiples aspectos de los medicamentos en los mercados de compras y los proveedores de CARICOM, como la ubicación de la sede del fabricante, el historial de regulación, el tipo (patentado versus genérico); la proporción de medicamentos esenciales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS); y los medicamentos comprados más caros. Métodos. Se analizó información sobre la compra por parte de determinados organismos de CARICOM. La información procedía de cuatro listas de organismos del sector público que realizan las compras, que se consiguieron en función de su disponibilidad pública o de los datos distribuidos por los organismos del sector público que realizan las compras. Los análisis estaban basados en los parámetros disponibles o derivados de estos datos. Resultados. La mayoría de los productos proviene de fabricantes radicados en América del Norte y Europa (entre 63% y 67%). El porcentaje de medicamentos que se compra de empresas genéricas oscila entre 60% y 87%; y de 25% a 50% de los medicamentos que se compran están en la Lista de Medicamentos Esenciales de la OMS. Hay una gran divergencia de precios entre los medicamentos comprados más caros. Conclusiones. En el análisis se han encontrado vulnerabilidades y oportunidades con respecto a la situación de las compras de medicamentos de los Estados de CARICOM, especialmente en cuanto a la calidad y al uso racional de los medicamentos. Este análisis representa una línea de base que los gobiernos u otros interesados directos pueden utilizar en el futuro.


RESUMO Objetivo. Examinar vários aspectos relacionados aos mercados e fornecedores de produtos farmacêuticos da CARICOM, incluindo a localização da sede do laboratório fabricante, histórico regulatório e tipo de produtos (inovadores versus genéricos); proporção de medicamentos adquiridos que constam da relação de medicamentos essenciais da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS); e medicamentos mais caros comprados. Métodos. Foi realizada uma análise de informação sobre compras feitas por compradores selecionados da CARICOM. Quatro listas de compras do setor público foram obtidas com informação de acesso público ou compartilhada pelos compradores. As análises foram feitas com base em parâmetros disponíveis ou inferidos a partir dos dados. Resultados. A maioria dos produtos farmacêuticos é proveniente de laboratórios com sedes na América do Norte e Europa (63%-67%). Do total, 60%-87% dos medicamentos adquiridos são de laboratórios de produtos genéricos e 25%-50% constam da relação de medicamentos essenciais da OMS. Existe uma ampla variação nos preços dos medicamentos mais caros comprados. Conclusões. Foram identificadas fragilidades e oportunidades na situação de compras dos países da CARICOM, em particular relacionadas à qualidade dos produtos e ao uso racional dos medicamentos. Esta análise serve de referência a ser usada futuramente pelos governos e outras partes interessadas.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drugs, Generic/economics , Drugs, Essential/economics , Pharmaceutical Trade , World Health Organization , Public Sector , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Drugs, Essential/supply & distribution
3.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, SaludCR | ID: biblio-1389044

ABSTRACT

Resumen Introducción: Los medicamentos son insumos que generan gastos en salud y las guías de evaluación económica son muy útiles, porque permiten valorar la relación costo y efecto que producen los medicamentos en las personas; pero también, en los sistemas de salud y la sociedad. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión descriptiva del tema de las guías farmacoeconómicas. Método: Se seleccionaron documentos de interés, en texto completo, desde las bases de datos y sitios en Internet, entre 1998-2018 mediante las palabras clave. Se realizó una lectura crítica de cada documento y se desarrolló una síntesis en cada sección en que se organizó este documento. Resultados: Los medicamentos son tecnologías en salud que requieren de evaluaciones económicas y la aplicación de las guías farmacoeconómicas, generan resultados de utilidad para el proceso de toma de decisión en el sector salud. Las guías, se desarrollaron hace más de treinta años; en algunos países son de carácter obligatorio, en otros no son de uso obligatorio o solo de recomendación, cuentan con ventajas y desventajas, objetivos, alcances, diferentes denominaciones o nombres, justificaciones, audiencias específicas y procesos particulares para su elaboración que dependen de un conjunto de factores; existen agencias evaluadoras en algunos países en el ámbito internacional. El contenido de una guía es general y cumple con los criterios estándares establecidos; su existencia es un aporte a la mejora de la calidad en diferentes áreas. Conclusión: Los hallazgos evidencian que una guía farmacoeconómica es un recurso útil para la evaluación económica de medicamentos, que genera resultados conducentes a acciones de interés en salud pública.


Abstract Introduction: Medications are inputs that generate health expenditures and economic evaluation guides are very useful because they allow us to assess the cost and effect of medicines on people, besides health systems and society. Objective: To conduct a descriptive review relative to the topic of pharmacoeconomic guidelines. Method: Full text material was selected from the databases and Internet sites, between 1998-2018, for which keywords were used. After a critical reading of every document, summaries were made for each section in which this document was organized. Results: Medications are health technologies that must have economic evaluations, and pharmacoeconomic guidelines generate useful results for the decision-making process that affects the health sector. Guidelines were made more than thirty years ago; in some countries they are mandatory and in others not mandatory or only a recommendation, they have advantages and disadvantages, objectives, scope, denominates names, justifications, specific audiences and a particular process for its development that depends on a set of factors; there are evaluation agencies in some countries in the international arena. The content of a guide is general and meets the criteria of established standards, its existence contributes to the improvement of quality in different areas. Conclusion: The results evidence that application of a pharmacoeconomic guide is useful to medicines economic evaluation, which generates results that lead to actions that are of interest in public health.


Subject(s)
Drug Price , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Public Health
4.
Rev. enferm. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc ; 26(4): 232-238, Septiembre-Dic. 2018. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-979898

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: determinar el impacto económico institucional del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos. Material y métodos: estudio de costos antes y después del programa Receta Resurtible con pacientes diabéticos. El costo promedio incluyó perfil de uso y costo unitario. El perfil de uso se determinó para Consulta externa, Farmacia y medicamentos. En el análisis se plantearon escenarios y se adoptaron supuestos. Resultados: el promedio de consultas antes y después se ubica en 6.45 y 4.73, respectivamente. La dotación de medicamentos fue 55.8% y 99%. El impacto del programa para una unidad de medicina familiar con 6400 pacientes diabéticos, de los cuales 18% se encuentra en el programa Receta Resurtible, permite un ahorro de $ 490 366 en la consulta de Medicina familiar y atención en Farmacia, sin embargo existe un incremento de $112 100 por consumo de medicamentos, el ahorro total en este escenario es de $378 266. Conclusión: el impacto económico del programa Receta Resurtible es benéfico para la institución.


Objective: To determine the institutional economic impact of the Resupply Prescription program in diabetic patients. Material and methods: Study of costs before and after the Resupply Prescription program with diabetic patients. The average cost included usage profile and unit cost. The profile of use was determined for External consultation, Pharmacy and medication. In the analysis, scenarios were raised and assumptions were adopted. Results: The average of before and after consultations is located at 6.45 and 4.73, respectively. The medication provision was 55.8 and 99%. The impact of the program for a Family Medicine Unit with 6400 diabetic patients, of which 18% is in the Resupply Prescription program, allows a saving of $ 490 366 in the consultation of Family Medicine and Pharmacy, however there is a increase of $ 112 100 for drug consumption, the total saving in this scenario is $ 378 266. Conclusion: The economic impact of the Resupply Prescription program is beneficial for the institution.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Prescriptions , Primary Health Care , Program Evaluation , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Costs and Cost Analysis , Diabetes Mellitus , Economics , Economics, Medical , National Health Programs , Mexico
5.
Rev. argent. salud publica ; 7(27): 12-15, jun. 2016. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | BRISA, LILACS | ID: biblio-869569

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: la hipertensión arterial es un factorde riesgo con alto impacto en la morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. Laprescripción de antihipertensivos no siempre sigue las recomendacionesvigentes, lo que representa un uso ineficiente de los recursos.OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el uso de medicamentos antihipertensivos, costosasociados y grado de adecuación a las recomendaciones provinciales.MÉTODOS: Se analizaron las compras de medicamentosantihipertensivos de la Subsecretaría de Salud provincial y entregasdel Plan Remediar para 2012-2014. Los consumos se expresaron endosis diaria definida (DDD)/1000 habitantes. RESULTADOS: El gastoen medicamentos antihipertensivos representó un 1,14% del total delgasto anual en medicamentos. Las DDD/1000 habitantes provistasen los años sucesivos fueron 75,5; 86,7 y 73,8. El sistema público deSalud provincial financió dos terceras partes, y el Plan Remediar elresto. El costo de adquisición por compra directa fue, en promedio,un 79% mayor que el de licitación pública. Más de dos tercios de lasDDD correspondieron a enalapril e hidroclorotiazida. CONCLUSIONES:La erogación en antihipertensivos representa una mínima partedel gasto provincial en medicamentos. El patrón de prescripción nose adecua completamente a la Guía de Práctica Clínica provincial, conuna relación hidroclorotiacida-enalapril inversa a la recomendada.Pese a esto, el 80% de las DDD dispensadas corresponden a estosdos medicamentos, lo que se considera una forma de uso racional.


INTRODUCTION: hypertension is a risk factor withhigh impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The prescriptionof antihypertensive drugs does not always follow currentrecommendations, which represents an inefficient use of resources.OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of antihypertensive medications,costs and adequacy to provincial recommendations. METHODS:Information on antihypertensive medications purchase was obtainedfrom provincial Health Undersecretariat, and deliveries ofPlan Remediar for 2012-2014. Drug use was expressed as defineddaily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants. RESULTS: Spending onantihypertensive medications accounted for 1.14% of total annualdrug spending. The DDD/1000 inhabitants provided were 75.5 in2012, 86.7 in 2013 and 73.8 in 2014. The provincial public healthsystem funded two thirds, and Plan Remediar the remaining third.The average cost of direct purchase was 79% higher than with publicauction purchase. More than two thirds of DDD corresponded toenalapril (EN) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). CONCLUSIONS:Spending on antihypertensive drugs represents a minimum fractionof total provincial drug spending. The prescription pattern doesnot fully adhere to the clinical practice guidelines, with a HCT-ENrelationship that is inverse compared to the recommended one.In spite of this, 80% of the dispensed DDD correspond to thesetwo drugs, which is considered a rational use.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antihypertensive Agents , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Drug Utilization , Argentina , Cost-Benefit Analysis
6.
Investig. enferm ; 18(2): 1-21, 2016. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BDENF, COLNAL | ID: biblio-1120045

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La sustentación del sector farmacéutico desde la economía representa un reto para su consideración, respecto al papel que desempeñan los actores inmiscuidos en el mercado de los medicamentos. Objetivo: Caracterizar la fundamentación económica del sector, la estructura del consumidor, la frontera de producción y el marco de bienestar creado por la interacción del consumidor, el productor y el mercado vinculado a la oferta y demanda de medicamentos. Metodología: El análisis institucional funge como herramienta metodológica para allanar la composición de cada uno de los actores relacionados desde la combinación económica, jurídica y social, cuya máxima se encuentra en el acceso, disposición y oferta general de medicamentos. Desarrollo: La diversificación de agentes económicos, particularmente empresariales, financieros e industriales en el sector farmacéutico, ha dejado por fuera de la discusión a los consumidores, pacientes o usuarios. Conclusiones: El sector farmacéutico internacional está en mora de reorientar el perfil económico que lo ha caracterizado, en un campo en el que los medicamentos hacen las veces de bienes meritorios.


Introduction: The bearing capacity of the pharmaceutical sector from the economy presents a challenge for its consideration, with regard to the role played by the actors involved in the drugs market. Aim: To characterize the economic foundation of the sector, the structure of the consumer, production frontier and the framework of welfare created by the interaction of the consumer, the producer and the market linked to the supply and demand of drugs. Methodology: Institutional analysis serves as a methodological tool to smooth out the composition of each of the actors since the economic, legal and social combination whose maximum is found in access, provision and general supply of drugs. Development: The diversification of economic, particularly business, financial and industrial agents in the pharmaceutical sector has left out of the discussion to consumers, patients and users. Conclusions: The international pharmaceutical industry is in arrears of reorienting the economic profile that has characterized, in a field in which drugs make meritorious goods as.


Introdução: A capacidade de rolamento do sector farmacêutico da economia é um desafio para a sua consideração, no que se refere o papel desempenhado pelos atores envolvidos no mercado de drogas. Objetivo: Caracterizar a base económica do sector, a estrutura do consumidor, fronteira de produção e a estrutura de bem-estar criado pela interação do consumidor e produtor o mercado ligado à oferta e a procura de drogas. Metodologia: Análise institucional serve como uma ferramenta metodológica para suavizar a composição de cada um dos atores, desde a combinação econômica, jurídica e social, cujo máximo é encontrada no acesso, disponibilização e fornecimento geral de drogas. Desenvolvimento: A diversificação dos agentes económicos, particularmente negócios, financeiros e industriais do setor farmacêutico, deixou fora da discussão para os consumidores, pacientes e usuários. Conclusões: A indústria farmacêutica internacional está em atraso de reorientar o perfil econômico que caracterizou, em um campo em que drogas fazem bens meritórios como.


Subject(s)
Humans , Economics, Pharmaceutical
7.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 43(1): 87-94, Jan.-Mar. 2015. ilus
Article in English | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-735050

ABSTRACT

Objective: To compare the cost-effectiveness of three different formulations indicated for moderate and severe acute pain, commercialized in Colombia [acetaminophen 500 mg + codeine 30 mg (AC), acetaminophen 500 mg + hydrocodone 5 mg (AH) and acetaminophen 325 mg+ tramadol 37.5 mg (AT)]. Materials and methods:Cost-effectiveness analysis using the NNT as the health outcome indicator. The costs were evaluated in two specific settings: Institutional Channel (IC), representing the cost for the Colombian Ministry of Health (SISMED 2011); Retail Channel (RC), representing consumer prices, obtained from the IMS annual average for 2011, plus an adjustment to include the average profit margin for pharmacies (10%). The incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) were calculated for the three formulations and the two settings (IC and RC). The intervention values are expressed in Colombian pesos (COP). Results: The prices/NNT for each formulation were $1816 COP/2.2 for AC, $4772 COP/2.3 for AH and $5342/2.6 for AT. Using these data and taking AC as the comparator, the ICER for the other formulations shows the following results: in the RC, $5065 COP for AT and $19,600 COP for AH; in the IC setting, $8790 COP for AT and $29,460 COP for AH. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis demonstrated that the majority of simulation results fell between the 1st and 4th quadrants of the cost-effectiveness matrix, using AC as a reference. Conclusion: The analysis, from the payer and patient perspectives, demonstrates that the AC formulation has a lower cost and is more effective inreducingpain within the first 4-6 h after administration, compared with the AH and AT formulations in their specific indications.


Objetivo: Comparar diferencias en costo-efectividad de 3 formulaciones comercializadas en Colombia (acetaminofén 500 mg + codeína 30 mg [AC], acetaminofén 500 mg + hidrocodona5 mg [AH] y acetaminofén 325 mg + tramadol 37,5 mg [AT]) indicadas para el tratamiento del dolor agudo moderado-severo. Materiales y métodos: Análisis de costo-efectividad, usando el NNT como medida de desenlace. Los costos fueron evaluados en 2 canales específicos: canal institucional (CI), representado por los costos relacionados con el medicamento consignados en SISMED 2011,y canal al por menor (CM), que representa los precios al consumidor tomados de IMS promedio anual 2011 más margen de farmacia (10%). Se calcularon las razones de costo-efectividad incremental (RCEI) para las 3 formulaciones en cada canal (CI y CM). Los valores de las intervenciones fueron expresados en pesos colombianos. Resultados: Los precios/NNT para cada formulación fueron $1.816 COP/2,2 para AC, $4.772COP/2,3 para AH y $5.342/2,6 para AT. Con base en estos datos y tomando AC como el comparador, las RCEI para las otras formulaciones fueron: en el CM, $5.065 COP para la formulación AT y $19.600 COP para la formulación AH; en el CI, $8.790 COP para la formulación AT y$29.460 COP para la formulación AH. El análisis de sensibilidad probabilístico evidencia que las observaciones simuladas se ubican entre el primer y el cuarto cuadrante del plano de costo-efectividad, tomando como referente AC. Conclusión: El análisis, desde la perspectiva del tercer pagador y el paciente, permite concluir que la formulación AC tiene un menor costo y mayor efectividad para reducir el dolor en las primeras 4-6 h, comparada con AH y AT es sus indicadores específicos.


Subject(s)
Humans
8.
Rev. colomb. anestesiol ; 42(4): 255-264, oct.-dic. 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-726863

ABSTRACT

Introducción: La racionalización de recursos y el calentamiento global han despertado el interés en la anestesia inhalatoria con flujos mínimos (0,3-0,5 l/min). Objetivos: Conocer el desempeño predictivo, clínico y la correlación farmacocinética de un dispositivo target-controlled infusion (TCI) para sevofluorano. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y analítico en 25 pacientes adultos. Flujo de gas fresco empleado 0,5 l/min. Concentración objetivo de sevofluorano 1,2% v/v. Infusión continua y variable en el circuito de la estación de anestesia. Controlador desarrollado con LABVIEW 6.1. Datos hemodinámicos, respiratorios y profundidad anestésica capturados cada 5 s con software de la estación de anestesia. Se determinó en la primera hora: sesgo (Mediana del Error Predictivo, MDPE%), inexactitud (Mediana del valor absoluto del Error Predictivo, MDAPE%), oscilación y divergencia del TCI; análisis del área bajo la curva de las concentraciones objetivo y espirada con pkcollapse STATA-12. Resultados expresados en media (IC 95%) y mediana [IQR]*. Resultados: Concentración objetivo empleada 1,22 [1,14-1,37]%*, alcanzada en 04:07 [03:1506:15]* min:s (en rama espiratoria). Duración anestésica 1:10:50 (0:56:57-1:24:43) h:min:s. Consumo de sevofluorano 6,9 (5,7-8,0) ml. MDPE% -12,8 (-17,6 a -8,1)%; MDAPE% 15,9 (11,919,8) %; oscilación 6,9 (5,0-8,7) % y divergencia 0,89 (-5,96-7,7)%h-1. Interacciones por hora sobre el TCI de 3 (2-4). Correlación del área bajo la curva, Spermann rho = 0,8577; p < 0,00001. La inexactitud ≥ 15% se asoció con edad > 65 años y obesidad. Conclusiones: El TCI sevoflurane© ó buen desempeño, la concentración objetivo se alcanzó rápidamente y se mantuvo estable, siendo necesarias pocas interacciones sobre el dispositivo durante la primera hora. No hubo sobredosificación ni alteraciones clínicas significativas.


Introduction: Good governance of resources and global warming has attracted interest on minimal flow (0.3-0.5 l/min) inhalation anesthesia. Objectives: To evaluate the predictive and clinical performance of a TCI (Target-controlled infusion) device, and its pharmacokinetic correlation for sevoflurane. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal, and analytical study on 25 adult patients. Fresh gas flow used 0.5 l/min. Target concentration of 1.2% (v/v). Continuous and variable infusion into the circuit of the anesthesia workstation. Controller developed with LABVIEW 6.1. Hemodynamic, respiratory and anesthetic depth data collected every 5 s using the anesthesia workstation software. Bias (MDPE%), inaccuracy (MDAPE%), wobble, and divergence of the TCI device were determined in the first hour. STATA-12 pk collapse was used to analyze the area under the curve of the target and expired concentrations. The results are expressed as Mean (CI 95%) and Median [IQR]*. Results: Target concentration used 1.22 [1.14-1.37] %*, reached in 04:07 [03:15-06:15]* min:s (expiratory branch). Anesthetic duration 1:10:50 (00:56:57-1:24: 43) h:min:s. Sevoflurane consumption 6.9 (5.7-8.0) ml. MDPE% -12.8 (-17.6 to -8.1) %;MDAPE% 15.9 (11.9-19.8) %;wobble 6.9 (5.0-8.7)% and divergence 0.89% (-5.96 to 7.7)%h-1. Interactions per hour on the TCI of 3 (2-4). Correlation of the area under the curve, Spearman's rho = 0.8577, p < 0.00001. =15% inaccuracy was associated with age >65 years and obesity. Conclusions: The TCI sevoflurane© showed good performance, and the target concentration was rapidly reached and remained stable, with few interactions with the device needed during the first hour. There were neither overdosing nor clinically significant alterations.


Subject(s)
Humans
9.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 36(1): 57-62, Jul. 2014. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-721544

ABSTRACT

Resulta fundamental, en el área de la salud pública, conocer la estructura y dinámica del mercado farmacéutico ecuatoriano, su segmentación entre el sector público y privado, así como su relación con la demanda y oferta de medicamentos tanto genéricos como de marca. Para esto, se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional con la información obtenida de las bases de datos científicos, institucionales, técnico-administrativas y económicas disponibles. Además, se revisó la información científica referente al mercado farmacéutico ecuatoriano y regional a través de los buscadores PubMed y Ovid. Los medicamentos de marca dispensados en el país corresponden 69,6% a marcas y los genéricos a 30,4%. En Ecuador, del total de medicamentos registrados, 1 829 (13,6%) son considerados de venta libre y 11 622 (86,4%) son de venta bajo prescripción médica. De las ventas, 93,15% corresponden a medicamentos de marca y solo 6,85% a genéricos. El 90% de las farmacias se hallan en la zona urbana y solo 10% a nivel rural. El incremento de precios en los últimos cinco años fue de 12,5% para los medicamentos de marca y de 0,86% para genéricos. La dispensación y consumo de medicamentos de marca es 2,3 veces mayor que la de genéricos. La mayoría de las farmacias se localizan en la zona urbana, demostrando que existe una relación entre el poder adquisitivo y el acceso a los medicamentos. A pesar de que la autoridad reguladora estipula que 13% de medicamentos son de venta libre, aproximadamente 60% de la población accede a medicamentos sin prescripción médica.


In the area of public health, it is fundamental to understand the structure and dynamics of the Ecuadorian pharmaceutical market, its segmentation between the public and private sectors, and its relationship with supply and demand, both for generic and brand-name drugs. To achieve this, an observational descriptive study was conducted with information obtained from the available scientific, institutional, technical-administrative, and economic databases. Furthermore, the scientific information concerning the Ecuadorian and regional pharmaceutical market was reviewed through the PubMed and Ovid search engines. In Ecuador, 69.6% of dispensed drugs are brand-name and 30.4% are generics. Of all registered drugs in the country, 1 829 (13.6%) are considered over-the-counter and 11 622 (86.4%) are for sale under medical prescription. In terms of sales, 93.15% correspond to brand-name drugs and only 6.85% to generics. Ninety percent of the pharmacies are located in urban areas and only 10% in rural areas. In the last five years, prices have increased by 12.5% for brand-name drugs and 0.86% for generics. Brand-name drugs are dispensed and consumed 2.3 times more than generics. The majority of pharmacies are located in urban areas, showing that there is a relationship between purchasing power and access to drugs. Although the regulatory authority stipulates that 13% of drugs should be over-the-counter, approximately 60% of the population acquires drugs without a medical prescription. .


Subject(s)
Drug Industry , Nonprescription Drugs/supply & distribution , Prescription Drugs/supply & distribution , Ecuador
10.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 19(5): 1389-1400, maio 2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-710535

ABSTRACT

Este estudo busca analisar os determinantes do consumo de inibidores de apetite (anfepramona, femproporex, mazindol e sibutramina) por meio da estimação de um modelo dinâmico de dados em painel para as capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal (DF) no período de 2009 a 2011. Os resultados revelam que o consumo de inibidores de apetite não acompanhou a distribuição geográfica dos indivíduos com excesso de peso e com obesidade nas unidades estudadas. Do consumo recorrente de inibidores, 79% são explicados pelo ocorrido no passado. Dentre as variáveis que explicam o consumo de inibidores, destacam-se os percentuais de adultos com obesidade e que dos que consomem frutas e hortaliças e a taxa de cobertura de planos de saúde. A análise farmacoeconométrica sugere que há problemas no uso racional dos inibidores de apetite nas capitais brasileiras e no DF, seja no que tange ao consumo desses medicamentos com outros fármacos - considerados ilegais pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina e pela Anvisa - e, também, na indicação terapêutica de uso desses produtos.


The scope of this study is to analyze the determinants of the use of appetite suppressants (amfepramone, femproporex, mazindol and sibutramine) through the estimation of a dynamic panel dataset model for the Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District (DF) in the period from 2009 to 2011. The results show that consumption of appetite suppressants did not follow the geographic distribution of overweight and obese individuals across the capitals and DF. There is a recurrent consumption of appetite inhibitors, in which 79% of the current consumption of these drugs is explained by past consumption. Among the variables that explain the use of inhibitors, the percentage of obese adults, the percentage of adults who habitually consume fruit and vegetables, and the coverage rate of health plans stand out. The pharmaco-econometric analysis suggests that there are problems in the rational use of appetite suppressants in the Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District with respect to both the combined consumption of these drugs with other medicines - deemed illegal by the Federal Council of Medicine and ANVISA - and in the therapeutic prescription of these products.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Appetite Depressants/economics , Drug Utilization/economics , Drug Utilization/standards , Obesity/economics , Appetite Depressants/therapeutic use , Brazil , Models, Econometric , Obesity/drug therapy
11.
Rev. colomb. ciencias quim. farm ; 42(1): 80-102, ene.-jun. 2013. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-677448

ABSTRACT

The application of price indices is useful to analyze the behavior of prices as an important component in patients´ access to essential medications over a period of time. The present work analyzed the variation in the prices of 303 medications sold by a cooperative of hospitals in central Colombia between 1999 and 2010 by applying inflation-adjusted price indices and Laspeyres-Paasche quantities by ABC groups and principal therapeuticals in the first and second ATC (anatomic, therapeutical, chemical) level, taking 1999 as the starting year. The medications of type A and B, as well as those belonging to the first four therapeutical groups in the first ATC level in cost and for seven groups in the second ATC level, registered a drop between 40 and 53% (P < 0.05) in the applied price indices. In addition, all the ABC and ATC groups showed increases between 9 and 12 times (P < 0.01) when applying the indices on units sold. The estimated net saving in 2010 at prices of 1999, went above $ 16.9 billion COP. This impact on prices has helped to expand the coverage in essential medications supplied to the public hospitals which are afterwards administered to the patients of this region of Colombia.


La aplicación de los índices de precios es útil para analizar el comportamiento de los precios como un componente importante en el acceso de los pacientes a los medicamentos esenciales en un determinado período de tiempo. El presente trabajo analiza la variación de los precios de 303 medicamentos comercializados por una cooperativa de hospitales en el centro de Colombia entre 1999 y 2010 mediante la aplicación de los índices de precios ajustados a la inflación, según las expresiones de Laspeyres y Paasche por grupos ABC y de principales agentes terapéuticos en el primer y segundo nivel ATC (anatómico, terapéutico, químico), tomando 1999 como año de partida. Los medicamentos de tipo A y B, así como los que pertenecen a los cuatro primeros grupos terapéuticos en el primer nivel de ATC en el costo, y considerando siete grupos en el segundo nivel de ATC, registraron una caída entre 40% y 53% (P < 0,05) en los índices de precios aplicados. Además, todos los grupos ABC y ATC mostraron aumentos entre 9 y 12 veces (P < 0,01) al aplicar los índices en las unidades vendidas. El ahorro neto estimado en 2010 a precios de 1999, pasó por encima de 16,9 mil millones de pesos colombianos. Este impacto en los precios ha contribuido a ampliar la cobertura en los medicamentos esenciales suministrados a los hospitales públicos, y que luego son administrados a los pacientes de esta región de Colombia.

12.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 31(4): 283-291, apr. 2012.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-620073

ABSTRACT

Objective. Determine the patterns of consumption of high-cost drugs (HCD) during the 2005–2010 period in a population of Colombian patients enrolled in the General System of Social Security in Health. Methods. An observational descriptive study was conducted. The prescription dataof formulas of any drug considered to be high-cost dispensed to all users (1 674 517) in 20 cities of Colombia between 2005 and 2010 were analyzed. The anatomical therapeutic classification was considered, and the number of patients as well as monthly invoicing for each drug, the daily dose defined, and the cost per 1 000 inhabitants/day were defined. Results. Over the entire study period, the amount invoiced for HCDs increased by 847.4%. Antineoplastic and immunomodulator drugs accounted for 46.3% of the totalinvoicing. The other drugs were anti-infectives (15.2%), systemic hormonal preparations (9.5%), and drugs for the nervous system (9.1%). Most of these drugs were prescribed at the daily doses defined as recommended by the World Health Organization, but with high costs per 1 000 inhabitants/day. Conclusions. In Colombia a crisis has occurred in recent years due to the high spending generated by the most expensive drugs. The progressive growth of pharmaceutical spending is greater than the increased coverage by the country’s health system. The Colombian health system should evaluate how much it is willing to pay for the most expensive drugs for some diseases and what strategies should be implemented to cover these expenses and thus guarantee access to the insured.


Objetivo. Determinar el comportamiento del consumo de medicamentos de alto costo (MAC) durante 2005–2010 en una población de pacientes colombianos afiliados al Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo observacional; se analizaron datos de prescripción de fórmulas dispensadas desde 2005 a 2010 a todos los usuarios (1 674 517) de algún medicamento considerado de alto costo en 20 ciudades de Colombia. Se consideró la clasificación anatómicaterapéutica y el número de pacientes, así como la facturación mensual por cada medicamento, la dosis diaria definida y el costo por 1 000 habitantes/día. Resultados. En todo el período de estudio, el valor facturado por MAC creció 847,4%. Losantineoplásicos e inmunomoduladores constituyeron 46,3% del total facturado, antinfecciosos 15,2%, preparaciones hormonales sistémicas 9,5% y fármacos para el sistema nervioso 9,1%. La mayoría de estos medicamentos fueron prescritos a las dosis diarias definidas recomendadaspor la Organización Mundial de Salud, pero con altos costos por 1 000 habitantes y día. Conclusiones. En Colombia durante los últimos años se ha presentado una crisis debida al elevado gasto generado por los medicamentos más costosos. El crecimiento progresivo del gasto farmacéutico es mayor que el aumento de la cobertura del sistema sanitario del país. El sistema sanitario colombiano debe evaluar cuánto está dispuesto a pagar por los medicamentosmás costosos para algunas morbilidades y qué estrategias debe implementar para sufragar estos gastos y así garantizar el acceso a los asegurados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Drug Costs/statistics & numerical data , Drug Utilization/economics , Drug Utilization/statistics & numerical data , Prescription Drugs/economics , Colombia
13.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 31(3): 225-232, mar. 2012. graf, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-620122

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade aquisitiva do trabalhador para pagar medicamentos utilizados no tratamento de doenças crônicas e a disponibilidade desses medicamentos na forma de referência, similar ou genérica para fornecimento gratuito no setor público. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se metodologia preconizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) e Health Action International (HAI) para coleta padronizada de informações sobre preços de venda no setor privado e disponibilidade no setor público de medicamentos em seis cidades do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta de dados ocorreu de novembro de 2008 a janeiro de 2009. A capacidade aquisitiva foi estimada como o número de dias do salário que um trabalhador com rendimento de 1 salário mínimo nacional necessita trabalhar para adquirir, em uma farmácia privada, a quantidade necessária de medicamento para 1 mês de tratamento. A disponibilidade foi avaliada verificando-se a presença dos medicamentos nas farmácias do setor público. RESULTADOS: A pesquisa incluiu 22 estabelecimentos públicos e 30 farmácias privadas. Dos 21 medicamentos utilizados no tratamento de sete doenças crônicas, apenas nove eram disponibilizados gratuitamente nos seis municípios pesquisados. O percentual médio da disponibilidade variou de 83,3 por cento (São Leopoldo) a 97,6 por cento (Caxias do Sul). A capacidade aquisitiva variou de 0,4 a 10,5 dias de salário para medicamentos de referência; de 0,2 a 8,4 dias de salário para medicamentos similares; e de 0,3 a 3,8 dias de salário para medicamentos genéricos. CONCLUSÕES: A disponibilidade geral dos medicamentos pesquisados foi superior aos 80 por cento recomendados pela OMS; porém, alguns tratamentos não estavam disponíveis, ou apresentaram uma disponibilidade limitada no setor público. A capacidade aquisitiva dos trabalhadores nos municípios estudados indicou um comprometimento de dias do salário que pode afetar a continuidade dos tratamentos com medicamentos para doenças crônicas.


OBJECTIVE: To assess the affordability by workers of drugs used for treatment of chronic diseases, as well as the availability of the reference, similar, or generic forms of these drugs in the public health care system. METHODS: We employed the methodology recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Health Action International (HAI) for the standardized collection of information on selling prices in the private sector and availability in the public health care system of drugs in six cities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected from November 2008 to January 2009. Affordability was estimated as the number of salary days required for a worker receiving the national minimum wage to buy, in a private pharmacy, the amount of medication required for one month of treatment. Availability was assessed by the presence of these drugs in public health care system facilities. RESULTS: Twenty-two public facilities and 30 private pharmacies were studied. Of 21 drugs used for the treatment of seven chronic disorders, only nine were available free of charge in the six cities. Mean availability ranged from 83.3 percent (São Leopoldo) to 97.6 percent (Caxias do Sul). Affordability ranged from 0.4 to 10.5 salary days for reference drugs, 0.2 to 8.4 salary days for similar drugs, and 0.3 to 3.8 salary days for generic drugs. CONCLUSIONS: The overall availability of the drugs surveyed was higher than the 80 percent recommended by WHO. However, some treatments were not available, or had limited availability in the public system. Concerning affordability, the number of salary days required to buy these drugs may affect the continuation of drug treatments for chronic diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Chronic Disease/drug therapy , Prescription Drugs/economics , Prescription Drugs/supply & distribution , Asthma/drug therapy , Brazil , Depression/drug therapy , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Drugs, Generic/economics , Drugs, Generic/supply & distribution , Dyslipidemias/drug therapy , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Hypertension/drug therapy , Income/statistics & numerical data , Peptic Ulcer/drug therapy , Pharmacies/statistics & numerical data
14.
Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras. (1992) ; 58(1): 88-94, jan.-fev. 2012. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-617114

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Analisar o consumo de moduladores do apetite (CMA) no Brasil em 2009, condicionado às características dos usuários, do sistema de saúde e de outros medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Estudo farmacoeconométrico com dados em corte transversal para analisar as relações entre o CMA (mg/per capita) e as variáveis independentes selecionadas (gênero, raça/cor, faixa etária, escolaridade, renda, cobertura de planos de saúde e consumo de fluoxetina e clordiazepóxido), mediante análise de regressão linear múltipla. Este estudo utilizou-se dessas variáveis em nível de agregação por estados para 2009. As análises foram realizadas no software Gretl. RESULTADOS: Destacamos que São Paulo registrou o maior CMA, com 97,3 mg/per capita, seguido de Goiás, com 94,8 mg/per capita. O menor consumo foi verificado no Ceará (3,8 mg/per capita). Os maiores consumidores de fluoxetina foram o Rio Grande do Sul, com 58,0 mg/per capita, e Goiás, com 51,5 mg/per capita. O Ceará (2,3 mg/per capita) registrou o menor con-sumo. Para o clordiazepóxido, os maiores valores foram verificados em Minas Gerais (7,5 mg/per capita) e Rio de Janeiro (4,8 mg/per capita), enquanto que o Amazonas (0,08 mg/per capita) obteve o menor consumo. Da análise de regressão destacamos: 1) o CMA está relacionado com renda, escolaridade e consumo de fluoxetina; e 2) raça/cor, gênero, idade, cobertura de plano de saúde e consumo de clordiazepóxido, porém revelaram-se não relacionados com CMA. CONCLUSÃO: Essas evidências podem contribuir para o aprimoramento das ações de regulação, vigilância sanitária e de conduta ética, principalmente, no que tange o consumo "casado" de moduladores do apetite com fluoxetina, o qual é vedado pelo Conselho Federal de Medicina, e, também, pela Anvisa.


OBJECTIVE: Analyze the use of appetite suppressants in Brazil in 2009, according to the characteristics of users, healthcare system, and other drugs. METHODS: Pharmaconeconometric study of cross-sectional data to analyze the relationship between the use of appetite suppressants (mg/per capita) and the independent variables selected (gender, race/color, age, schooling, income, health insurance coverage, and use of fluoxetine and chlordiazepoxide) using multiple linear regression analysis. This study used these variables in level of aggregation by states for 2009. The analyses were performed using the Gretl software. RESULTS: We highlight that São Paulo showed the highest use of appetite suppressants with 97.3 mg/per capita, followed by Goiás with 94.8 mg/per capita. The lowest use of appetite suppressants was seen in Ceará (3.8 mg/per capita). The biggest fluoxetine users were in Rio Grande do Sul, with 58.0 mg/per capita, and in Goiás, with 51.5 mg/per capita. Ceará showed the lowest fluoxetine use (2.3 mg/per capita). For chlordiazepoxide, the highest values were seen in Minas Gerais (7.5 mg/per capita) and in Rio de Janeiro (4.8 mg/per capita), while Amazonas (0.08 mg/per capita) showed the lowest use. Based on regression analysis, we can highlight: 1) the use of appetite suppressants is related to income, education, and fluoxetine use; and 2) race/color, gender, age, health insurance coverage, and use of chlordiazepoxide showed no relation to the use of appetite suppressants. CONCLUSION: These evidences may contribute to the improvement of regulatory actions, sanitary surveillance, and ethical conduct, particularly with regard to the concomitant use of appetite suppressants and fluoxetine, which is prohibited by the Federal Council of Medicine (Conselho Federal de Medicina) and also by Anvisa (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - National Health Surveillance Agency).


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Appetite Depressants/economics , Appetite Depressants/therapeutic use , Age Factors , Brazil , Educational Status , Socioeconomic Factors
15.
Braz. j. pharm. sci ; 48(2): 227-236, Apr.-June 2012. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-643015

ABSTRACT

Antimuscarinic agents are the first-line choice for the treatment of neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). The currently available antimuscarinic drugs have been widely studied in patients presenting idiopathic detrusor overactivity; however, investigations evaluating the effects of these drugs on NDO are scant, particularly with regard to cost-effectiveness analyses. A pharmacoeconomic evaluation was performed to compare the costs and effectiveness of oxybutynin and tolterodine in two different formulations, extended (ER) and immediate-release (IR), for the treatment of NDO (based on Brazilian maximal consumer price index). A systematic review of literature was conducted in order to obtain significant clinical and urodynamic data (based on expert opinion), concerning the effects of these drugs in the neurogenic population. Furthermore, a pharmacoeconomic evaluation was performed and costs involved were calculated based on percentage effectiveness obtained for the timeframes of one month and of one year. The best cost-effectiveness ratio (CER) was observed with oxybutynin IR for the urodynamic parameters. In terms of clinical parameters, oxybutynin IR and ER showed the best CER. Based on the key urological parameters analyzed, oxybutynin IR was considered the most cost-effective antimuscarinic agent.


A terapia antimuscarínica é vista como primeira escolha para o tratamento da hiperatividade detrusora de origem neurológica (HDON). No entanto, a maioria dos antimuscarínicos existentes é amplamente estudada em pacientes portadores de hiperatividade detrusora idiopática. Assim, existe escassez de pesquisas que avaliam esses fármacos na problemática da HDON, principalmente em termos de estudos de custo-efetividade. Diante isso, um estudo farmacoeconômico foi realizado (baseado no índice de preço máximo ao consumidor) para comparar os custos e a efetividade da oxibutinina e da tolterodina, em duas diferentes formulações, cápsulas de liberação imediata (LI) e controlada (LC), para o tratamento da HDON. Uma revisão sistemática da literatura foi conduzida para obtenção de dados urodinâmicos e clínicos relevantes (baseado em opinião de especialistas), quanto aos efeitos desses fármacos em pacientes com distúrbios urológicos de origem neurológica. Após essa etapa, um estudo farmacoeconômico foi conduzido e os custos envolvidos foram calculados sobre cada percentual de efetividade obtido, num horizonte temporal de 1 mês e 1 ano. A melhor razão de custo-efetividade (RCE) quanto aos parâmetros urodinâmicos foi obtida com uso de oxibutinina LI. Quantos aos parâmetros clínicos, oxibutinina LI e LC tiveram as melhores RCE. Baseando-se nos principais parâmetros urológicos analisados, oxibutinina LI foi considerada o antimuscarínico mais custo-efetivo.


Subject(s)
Muscarinic Antagonists/analysis , Urinary Bladder, Overactive/classification , Tolterodine Tartrate/analysis , Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic/classification , Economics, Pharmaceutical/statistics & numerical data
16.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 28(3): 540-547, jul.-set. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIPECS | ID: lil-606055

ABSTRACT

El Análisis de Impacto Presupuestario (AIP) en el campo de la salud puede ser definido como la estimación de los costos financieros netos que le representarían a una institución dar cobertura a una determinada intervención. En la práctica, los AIP se utilizan frecuentemente para decidir la inclusión o exclusión de medicamentos en formularios terapéuticos y notoriamente han obligado a reconocer que las Evaluaciones Económicas representan una mirada parcial en el análisis de las consecuencias de la incorporación de tecnologías sanitarias. Este trabajo procura identificar los determinantes y componentes de los análisis de impacto presupuestario, y a partir de ello describir el desarrollo de un modelo creado en una planilla de cálculo que permite considerar cualquier tecnología sanitaria y obtener estimaciones con diferentes grados de complejidad. Su diseño incorpora de forma explícita las habilidades del usuario y las deficiencias de información, buscando a su vez promover el desarrollo de estas herramientas en los ámbitos de gestión de nuestros países.


Budgetary Impact Analysis (BIA) applied to health care can be defined as the estimate of the net financial costs that a given intervention would represent for a health care institution given the case it was covered. Routinely, BIAs are used to decide the inclusion or exclusion of drugs in therapeutic schemes; actually, the increased use of BIAs have raised awareness about the fact that health economic evaluations represent a partial view in the analysis of the consequences of incorporating health technologies. This paper seeks to identify the determinants and components of BIA, and to describe the development of a spreadsheet model that enables us to assess the Budget impact of any health technology and perform estimations with differing degrees of complexity. Its design explicitly adapts to the user skills and gaps in information, thus seeking to promote the development of these tools in the management fields in our countries.


Subject(s)
Humans , Budgets/statistics & numerical data , Health Care Costs/statistics & numerical data , Models, Economic
17.
Rev. colomb. reumatol ; 18(3): 187-202, jul.-sep. 2011. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-636864

ABSTRACT

Los gastos en salud y el uso de medicamentos han aumentado de forma importante en los últimos años, lo que alerta a gobiernos y entes sanitarios y puede relacionarse con algunos fenómenos: prescripción médica poco estandarizada, ganancias exageradas de la industria farmacéutica, avances en biotecnología y desperdicio de recursos, falta de comunicación entre gestores públicos y médicos clínicos y ausencia de regulación en precios de fármacos. La importancia de la farmacoeconomía se fundamenta en varios aspectos: optimización de prescripción médica, papel crucial en la comercialización y la distribución de medicamentos, capacidad de mostrar un amplio panorama del impacto social y económico de las enfermedades, como de abrir perspectivas de investigación en varios campos del conocimiento. Dentro de los tipos de estudios farmacoeconómicos se encuentran los que expresan la unidad de ingreso (costos) en términos monetarios y los resultados en unidades monetarias, naturales o de utilidad: reducción de costos (costo minimización), costo beneficio, costo utilidad y costo efectividad, como también los que estudian el panorama global de las enfermedades (análisis costo de la enfermedad). Los costos en salud se distribuyen de la siguiente manera: costos directos (médicos y no médicos), indirectos (impacto en la sociedad como unidad productiva) e intangibles (relacionados con calidad de vida de pacientes y familiares). La farmacoeconomía permite una mejor práctica clínica, sistemas de salud más eficientes y un consumo de recursos más racional. El uso de estos estudios es necesario para estructurar programas de salud y tomar decisiones. Así mismo es recomendada la inclusión de conceptos de economía de la salud en programas de medicina y ciencias de la salud.


Health expenditures and medication usage have increased dramatically in last years, situation that alerts governments and health authorities, and than can be related with some facts: not standardized medical prescription, excessive gains of the pharmaceutical industry, recent advances in biotechnology related with resource wastefulness, lack of communication between public health entities and clinical physicians and lack of consistent regulatory policies about drug prices. The importance of pharmacoeconomics is based on some aspects: better medical prescription, important role in commercialization and distribution of medicines, capacity of showing a broad and complete scenario of the social and economic impact of diseases, as opening research perspectives in different scientific fields. Within pharmacoeconomical analyses we can found those that show incomes (costs) in monetary units and show outcomes in monetary, natural or utility units: cost minimization, cost benefit, cost utility and cost effectiveness, and also we can found those analyses that study the general panorama of diseases (cost of illness studies). Health costs can be divided into: direct costs (medical and not medical), indirect (economical impact on society) and intangible (related with quality of life of patients and their families). Pharmacoeconomics can lead to a better medical practice, to more efficient health systems and to a more rational usage of resources. These studies are necessary for a proper structure of health programs, as for decision making. The inclusion of health economics concepts within medical and health sciences curricula is also recommended.


Subject(s)
Humans , Health Expenditures , Economics, Pharmaceutical , Drug Utilization , Quality of Life , Prescription Drugs
18.
Rev. méd. Minas Gerais ; 21(2 supl.3): 63-71, abri.-jun.2011. ilus, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-786241

ABSTRACT

O sugamadex é uma droga nova e revolucionária desenvolvida como antagonista seletivo dos agentes bloqueadores neuromusculares (ABNM) esteroides (rocurônio > vecurônio ¼ pancurônio). O medicamento é uma y-ciclodextrina modificada e hidrossolúvel que forma um composto estável com o ABNM na razão de 1:1. Ele se liga ao ABNM livre no plasma, criando um gradiente de concentração que desloca o ABNM dos receptores nicotínicos na junção neuromuscular, levando à reversão completa e duradoura do BNM. O sugamadex não se liga às proteínas ou a qualquer outro receptor no organismo, o que lhe confere ótimo perfil de tolerância. O sugamadex pode ser usado na reversão do BNM profundo, promovendo recuperação mais rápida em relação à succinilcolina. Seu emprego pode diminuir a necessidade de monitorização do BNM, a incidência de bloqueio residual e ainda evitar os efeitos adversos causados pelos anticolinesterásicos e anticolinérgicos. Entretanto, também há limitações em relação à utilização 00 sugamadex. Ele impede o uso dos AB- NMs esteroides durante 24 horas, caso seja necessário novo BNM, e pode aumentar o risco do emprego desnecessário e indiscriminado dos ABNMs. Além disso, faltam dados da sua utilização em alguns grupos populacionais e de seu uso em larga escala. Por fim, deve-se considerar também o fator econômico, visto que se trata de uma droga nova e de valor ainda elevado no mercado...


Sugammadex is a novel and unique compaund designed as a selective antaganist ot steroidal neuromuscular blaeking agents (NMBA) (rocuronium>vecuronium¼pancuronium). The drug is a modified water-saluble y-cyclodextrin that forms a stable complex at a 1:1 ratio with the NMBA. It combines with the NMBA creating a concentration gradient favoring the movement ot the NMBA from the nicotine receptors ot the neuromuscular junction leading to the complete and lasting reversal af the neuromuscular blockade (NMB). Sugamadex does not bind to plasma proteins or any other receptors system in the body what provides him a great tolerance profile. Sugamadex can be used in the reversal af deep neuromuscular blockade with a faster recovery time in relation to succinylcholine. Its use can diminish the necessity af monitoring af the NMB, the incidence ot residual blockade and still prevent the adverse effects caused by the antiecholinesterase and anticholinergic drugs. However, there are limitatians regarding the use af Sugammadex. It hinders the use ot the steroidal NMBA during 24 hours if a new NMB must be restablished and it can increase the risk ot unnecessary and indiscriminate use af the NMBA. Mareaver, there is a laek ot data regarding the its use in some population groups and in large scale. Final/y, the economic factor must be also considered, since it is a new drug with a still raised value in market...


Subject(s)
Humans , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents/pharmacology , Neuromuscular Junction , gamma-Cyclodextrins/pharmacology , Neuromuscular Blocking Agents/economics , Vecuronium Bromide/pharmacology , Pancuronium/pharmacology
19.
Rev. ciênc. farm. básica apl ; 31(2)maio-ago. 2010.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-570152

ABSTRACT

O presente estudo apresentou como objetivo avaliar a disponibilidade de 20 medicamentos essenciais para doenças mais prevalentes na atenção básica à saúde. Portanto, se faz necessário que estes medicamentos estejam disponíveis e seus preços sejam acessíveis nas farmácias e drogarias do setor privado. O estudo foi realizado, no município de Araraquara/SP, utilizando-se dois formulários preconizados pela OMS, sendo um para registro de disponibilidade e outro para registro de preços. Os medicamentos mais disponíveis nas farmácias e drogarias foram o propranolol (90,5%), captopril (96%) e ranitidina (96%), e os menos disponíveis foram sulfato ferroso (27%), beclometasona (33,8%) e ibuprofeno (41,9%). Os medicamentos que apresentaram maior variação entre os preços praticados foram propranolol (97,1%), hidroclorotiazida 96,4% e glibenclamida (95,0%), e os de menor variação foram salbutamol (30,8%) e sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima (30,2%). Os medicamentos genéricos foram os que apresentaram menor preço, representando metade dos medicamentos avaliados (10). Os indicadores de acesso por capacidade de aquisição para o tratamento das principais doenças no nível de atenção básica demonstraram que nenhum estabelecimento continha todos os medicamentos avaliados e, além disso, apresentou grandes variações de preços, comprometendo o seu acesso aos usuários. Dados obtidos nesta pesquisa demonstram a importância da farmácia popular para melhorar o acesso dos consumidores aos medicamentos, diminuindo o custo e aumentando a disponibilidade dos itens selecionados pela Relação Nacional de Medicamentos.


A survey to determine the availability of 20 essential medicines for the diseases with highest prevalence in primary health care was conducted in the city of Araraquara. The presence and the price of these medicines in private sector pharmacies and drugstores of the city were recorded. Two forms, recommended by the WHO, were used in the survey, one for availability and the other for prices. The drugs most commonly available in pharmacies and drugstores were: propranolol (90.5%), captopril (96%) and ranitidine (96%), while the least available were ferrous sulfate (27%), beclomethasone (33.8%) and ibuprofen (41.9%). The drugs that showed the greatest variation among the prices charged were: propranolol (97.1%), hydrochlorothiazide (96.4%) and glibenclamide (95.0%), while the least variable were salbutamol (30.8%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (30.2%). Generic drugs, which were half (10) of those assessed, had the lowest prices. The indicators of access, referring to the ability of patients to acquire drugs for the treatment of major diseases at the primary health care level, showed that no establishment stocked all 20 essential drugs and that wide variations existed in their prices, undermining their availability to drug users, whose only sources are pharmacies and drugstores. These data demonstrate the importance of the popular pharmacy to improve the access to medicines, by lowering the cost and increasing the availability of the items selected for the National List of Essential Drugs (RENAME).


Subject(s)
Humans , Captopril , Drugs, Essential , Pharmacies , Propranolol , Ranitidine
20.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 30(1): 46-55, mar. 2009. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-560925

ABSTRACT

Introducción. En países de ingresos altos, el tamoxifeno ha venido siendo reemplazado por los inhibidores de la aromatasa –como el anastrazol– en la terapia hormonal adyuvante en el cáncer temprano de mama con receptor hormonal positivo, por sus mejores resultados en tiempo libre de enfermedad. Es necesario identificar si este cambio resulta costo-efectivo en los países de ingreso medio, como Colombia. Objetivo. Evaluar el costo-efectividad para Colombia del anastrazol comparado con el tamoxifeno, como terapia inicial por cinco años en mujeres posmenopáusicas con cáncer temprano de mama y receptor hormonal positivo.Materiales y métodos. Éste es un análisis basado en la literatura. Se utilizó el modelo de Markov para describir la historia natural de la enfermedad y modelar los tratamientos. La efectividad se midió en tiempo libre de enfermedad. Las probabilidades de transición y los efectos secundarios de los fármacos se extrajeron de la literatura. Se tomó la mediana de costos de algunas empresas promotoras de salud y del Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, en pesos colombianos del 2007. Se hizo análisis de sensibilidad probabilística y de una sola vía de las variables de costo.Resultados. En comparación con el tamoxifeno, la terapia con anastrazol genera un tiempo adicional libre de recaída de 0,49 años; cada año libre de recaída cuesta Col$ 27’210.604 y Col$ 37’071.337 con una tasa de descuento del 3%. En el caso de efectos mantenidos, las razones de costo-efectividad con descuento y sin él son Col$ 23’617.400 y Col$ 16’140.282.Conclusiones. La utilización de anastrazol genera un costo por año libre de recaída superior al producto interno bruto per cápita de Colombia (Col$ 7’521.363 para 2007). En consecuencia, resulta recomendable para Colombia continuar con el tamoxifeno por cinco años.


Introduction. In high-income countries, tamoxifen has been replaced by aromatase inhibitors such as anastrozole in adjuvant hormone therapy for early breast cancer. These drugs target patients with positive hormone receptors, due to the better results achieved for disease-free survival. The cost-effectiveness of this treatment change has not been evaluated in middle income countries.Objective. The cost effectiveness of anastrozole vs tamoxifen was assessed during five-years of adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor-positive, post-menopausal early breast cancer patients. Materials and methods. This is a literature-based analysis. The natural history of the breast cancer and the effects of treatment were modeled as a Markov process. Effectiveness was defined as disease-free survival. Transition probabilities for the disease and adverse effects were obtained from the literature. Costs were defined as the median of actual costs provided by health insurance companies and the Colombian National Cancer Institute expressed in 2007 Colombian pesos. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was performed, along with one way sensitivity analysis was for the costs.Results. Compared with tamoxifen, anastrazol results in an additional relapse-free period of 0.5 years. Each relapse-free year obtained by tamoxifen cost 27,210,604 pesos, or with anastrazol 37,071,337 pesos with a discount rate of 3%. The cost for a sustained-effects scenario were 23,617,400 pesos for tamoxifen and $16,140.282 for anastrazol. Conclusions. The use of anastrazol has an additional cost per relapse-free year of 7,521,363 pesos (2007). Therefore, for postmenopausal, early breast cancer hormone receptor positive women in Colombia, the cost-effective alternative is tamoxifen used as adjuvant therapy for five years.


Subject(s)
Aromatase Inhibitors , Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal , Breast Neoplasms , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Economics, Pharmaceutical
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